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2013年03月26日09:25 | 中國(guó)發(fā)展門戶網(wǎng) www.chinagate.cn | 給編輯寫信 字號(hào)：T|T

四是堅(jiān)持實(shí)施科教興國(guó)戰(zhàn)略，增強(qiáng)經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)發(fā)展的核心支撐能力。我們加快實(shí)施國(guó)家中長(zhǎng)期科學(xué)和技術(shù)發(fā)展規(guī)劃綱要，制定實(shí)施國(guó)家中長(zhǎng)期教育改革和發(fā)展規(guī)劃綱要、國(guó)家中長(zhǎng)期人才發(fā)展規(guī)劃綱要和國(guó)家知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)戰(zhàn)略，推動(dòng)科技、教育、文化事業(yè)全面發(fā)展，為國(guó)家長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)發(fā)展奠定了堅(jiān)實(shí)基礎(chǔ)。

優(yōu)先發(fā)展教育事業(yè)。國(guó)家財(cái)政性教育經(jīng)費(fèi)支出五年累計(jì)7.79萬億元，年均增長(zhǎng)21.58%，2012年占國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值比例達(dá)到4%。教育資源重點(diǎn)向農(nóng)村、邊遠(yuǎn)、民族、貧困地區(qū)傾斜，教育公平取得明顯進(jìn)步。全面實(shí)現(xiàn)城鄉(xiāng)九年免費(fèi)義務(wù)教育，惠及1.6億學(xué)生。實(shí)施學(xué)前教育三年行動(dòng)計(jì)劃，“入園難”問題有所緩解。國(guó)家助學(xué)制度不斷完善，建立了家庭經(jīng)濟(jì)困難學(xué)生資助體系，實(shí)現(xiàn)從學(xué)前教育到研究生教育各個(gè)階段全覆蓋，每年資助金額近1000億元，資助學(xué)生近8000萬人次。實(shí)施中等職業(yè)教育免學(xué)費(fèi)政策，覆蓋范圍包括所有農(nóng)村學(xué)生、城市涉農(nóng)專業(yè)學(xué)生和家庭經(jīng)濟(jì)困難學(xué)生。初步解決進(jìn)城務(wù)工人員隨遷子女在城市接受義務(wù)教育問題，現(xiàn)有1260萬農(nóng)村戶籍孩子在城市接受義務(wù)教育。實(shí)施惠及3000多萬農(nóng)村義務(wù)教育階段學(xué)生營(yíng)養(yǎng)改善計(jì)劃。完成中小學(xué)校舍安全工程。加快職業(yè)教育基礎(chǔ)能力和特殊教育基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)。義務(wù)教育學(xué)校實(shí)施績(jī)效工資，在教育部直屬師范大學(xué)實(shí)行師范生免費(fèi)教育，加強(qiáng)了農(nóng)村教師隊(duì)伍建設(shè)。全面提高教育質(zhì)量和水平，高等教育毛入學(xué)率提高到30%。國(guó)民受教育程度大幅提升，15歲以上人口平均受教育年限達(dá)到9年以上。

大力推動(dòng)自主創(chuàng)新。中央財(cái)政用于科技的投入五年累計(jì)8729億元，年均增長(zhǎng)超過18%。全社會(huì)研究與試驗(yàn)發(fā)展經(jīng)費(fèi)支出占國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值的比重由2007年的1.4%提高到2012年的1.97%，企業(yè)研發(fā)活動(dòng)支出占比超過74%。出臺(tái)深化科技體制改革加快國(guó)家創(chuàng)新體系建設(shè)的意見。深入實(shí)施國(guó)家技術(shù)創(chuàng)新工程和知識(shí)創(chuàng)新工程，扎實(shí)推進(jìn)國(guó)家科技重大專項(xiàng)，新建一批國(guó)家工程中心、重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室和企業(yè)技術(shù)中心。加強(qiáng)基礎(chǔ)研究和前沿探索，突破一批關(guān)鍵核心技術(shù)，填補(bǔ)了多項(xiàng)重大產(chǎn)品和裝備的空白。

深入實(shí)施人才強(qiáng)國(guó)戰(zhàn)略。以高層次、高技能人才為重點(diǎn)，加強(qiáng)各類人才隊(duì)伍建設(shè)，專業(yè)技術(shù)人才、高技能人才分別增加860萬人和880萬人，留學(xué)回國(guó)人員達(dá)到54萬人。

大力加強(qiáng)文化建設(shè)。覆蓋城鄉(xiāng)的公共文化設(shè)施網(wǎng)絡(luò)體系初步建成，博物館、圖書館、文化館（站）實(shí)現(xiàn)免費(fèi)開放。國(guó)有經(jīng)營(yíng)性文化單位轉(zhuǎn)企改制任務(wù)基本完成，公益性文化事業(yè)單位內(nèi)部機(jī)制改革不斷深化。哲學(xué)社會(huì)科學(xué)、新聞出版、廣播影視、文學(xué)藝術(shù)等更加繁榮，文化產(chǎn)業(yè)快速發(fā)展。文物保護(hù)、非物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn)保護(hù)和傳承取得重要進(jìn)展。對(duì)外文化交流更加活躍。全民健身和競(jìng)技體育取得新成績(jī)。

4. Steadfastly implementing the strategy for making China strong through the development of science and education, and boosting the country's core ability to sustain economic and social development

We accelerated implementation of the National Plan for Long- and Medium-Term Scientific and Technological Development; formulated and implemented the National Plan for Long- and Medium-Term Education Reform and Development, the National Plan for Long- and Medium-Term Development of Competent Personnel and the national strategy on intellectual property rights. This gave impetus to all-around progress in science and technology, education, and culture and laid a solid foundation for ensuring China's long-term development.

We gave high priority to developing education. Government spending on education totaled 7.79 trillion yuan over the past five years, increasing at an average annual rate of 21.58% to reach 4% of GDP in 2012. We allocated educational resources, giving priority to rural, remote, poor and ethnic minority areas and made notable progress in improving fairness in education. We made free nine-year compulsory education universal across the country, benefiting 160 million students. A three-year action plan for preschool education was carried out, and the shortage of preschools was eased. We improved the system of state financial aid to students, and established a system for giving students from poor families financial aid from preschool through graduate school. We spent approximately 100 billion yuan annually for this purpose and assisted nearly 80 million students. We implemented the policy of tuition-free secondary vocational education for all rural students and all urban students who study agriculture-related majors or are from poor families. The problem of providing compulsory education to children of rural migrants working in cities was basically solved, and 12.6 million children with rural residence status are now receiving compulsory education in cities. We implemented the plan for improving nutrition of rural students receiving compulsory education to the benefit of over 30 million students. We completed the project to improve the safety of primary and secondary school buildings. We sped up development of infrastructure for vocational and special education. The pay of teachers in compulsory education is now linked to their performance. Students majoring in education at teachers universities directly under the Ministry of Education were exempted from paying tuition, and the ranks of rural teachers were strengthened. The quality and level of education in China was comprehensively raised, and the gross college enrollment rate rose to 30%. The education level of the people was raised significantly, and the average length of schooling of people over the age of 15 now exceeds nine years.

We vigorously promoted innovation. The central government spent 872.9 billion yuan to develop science and technology in the past five years, with an average annual increase of over 18%. China's R&D spending accounted for 1.97% of GDP in 2012, up from 1.4% in 2007, and over 74% of this spending was made by companies. The Guidelines on Deepening Reform of the Management System for Science and Technology and Accelerating Development of a National Innovation System were adopted. We carried out a national technology innovation project and a knowledge innovation project, made solid progress in implementing major national R&D projects, and set up a number of national engineering centers, key laboratories and enterprise technology centers. We boosted basic research and research in frontier areas, made breakthroughs in a number of core and key technologies, and filled in gaps in many important products and equipment.

We implemented the strategy for making China strong through training competent personnel. We trained more personnel of all types, with the focus on high-level and highly skilled personnel. As a result, the number of personnel with special expertise and highly skilled personnel increased by 8.6 million and 8.8 million respectively. A total of 540,000 overseas students returned.

We put greater effort into developing the cultural sector. A network of public cultural facilities covering both urban and rural areas is taking shape, and all museums, libraries and cultural centers in China are open to the public free of charge. We basically transformed state-owned for-profit cultural institutions into business enterprises, and deepened reform of internal operating mechanisms of nonprofit cultural institutions. Philosophy and the social sciences, the press and publishing, radio, television and film, and literature and art are flourishing, and cultural industries developed rapidly. We made major progress in protecting cultural relics and preserving and passing on intangible cultural heritage. Cultural exchanges with other countries increased. New progress was made in nationwide fitness activities and competitive sports.

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